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Jul 2026 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-26-6094
Amanya Mutuli LucyCorresponding author
In early childhood, adequate dietary intake is essential for optimal growth, brain development, and the acquisition of cognitive skills. However, children with special needs often face increased nutritional vulnerability due to feeding difficulties, restricted diets, metabolic anomalies and limited access to health and care services. These challenges significantly compromise their access to optimal dietary intake that negatively impacts on their cognitive development and functioning. This baseline survey aimed at identifying the existing characteristics of dietary intake and cognitive developmental outcomes of children aged below five years with special needs in Kakamega County. We involved 90 mother/child caregiver-child pair, selected through stratified sampling from early childhood development centers in Kakamega County. Data was collected using 24-hour dietary recall, food frequency questionnaires, anthropometric and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSIDIV) was used for assessment of cognitive development outcomes. Findings revealed high levels of micronutrient deficiencies, with 66.7 percent not meeting recommended intake for vitamin A, 76.7 percent for iron, and 89 percent for zinc. Only 47.7 percent met minimum dietary diversity score. Nutrition assessments showed 52.2 percent of children had normal weight and 6.7 percent were severely undernourished. Feeding dependence varied by disability with 100 percent of children with ADHD self-fed. Cognitive assessments showed that children with physical disabilities had the highest scores across all cognitive domains, while children with autism demonstrated lowest, particularly in communication and executive functioning. In conclusion, the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies as a consequence of sub-optimal dietary intake, particularly in essential micronutrients are closely linked to poor cognitive developmental outcomes. Low levels of nutrition education of parents and feeding dependency negatively impacts on cognitive development outcomes of children with special needs. Thus, implementation of special needs inclusive of nutrition interventions, caregivers’ training and early stimulation programs to support holistic development of these children is needed.
Oct 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2572-5424.jgm-17-1609
PEREZ Jean-claudeCorresponding author
7 avenue de terre-rouge F33127 Martignas Bordeaux metropole France
DUF1220 proteins regions show the largest Homo-Sapiens lineage-specific increase in copy number of any protein-coding region in the human genome and map principally to 1q21.1. DUF1220 deletions have been associated with microcephaly and macrocephaly, respectively. DUF1220 copy number has been linked to both brain size in humans and brain evolution among primates. Remarkably, dosage variations involving DUF1220 sequences have now been linked to human brain expansion, autism severity, total IQ, and cognitive and mathematical aptitude scores. We analyzed in chromosome 1q a total of 245 DUF1220 proteins. Finally the method is extended analysing the long 1q21 region from 7 other close primates like Neanderthal, great apes : chimp, gorilla, orangutan and monkeys : macaque, marmoset, vervet. This remarkable property is confirmed by comparing these primates to other mammals such as mice, rabbit, cow, dolphin and Elephant. We then show four classes of multi-periodic fractal structures for all 19 DUF1220 regions and 19 NBPF genes studied cases. The analysis of these spectra of fractal periods1 reveals a simple linear interdependence, hierarchization and unification between the numerical sequences of each of these 4 spectra and the sequences of Fibonacci and Lucas. Given the evidence of this numerical relationship, we suggest that this discovery may be one of the major causes of a cognitive development of man superior to that of the great primates. Finally the mathematical roots of this whole numbers resonance patterns is discussed.
Nov 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2644-0105.jbfb-16-1257
Aumeistere LivaCorresponding author
Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
Background: Breast milk is the ideal food source that contains all components an infant needs. Infants are at risk of receiving possible pollutants and high levels of trans fatty acids through breast milk that may affect their cardiovascular health and cognitive development. Statistics indicate that the proportion of children who are breastfed up to one year of age shows an annual increase in Latvia. Objectives: 1. To review studies conducted among the Latvian population regarding breast milk composition. 2. To evaluate the necessary future studies emphasizing the importance of the trans fatty acid content in a mother’s diet and correspondingly in breast milk and taking into consideration the new changes in Latvian legislation setting the maximum trans fat content in foodstuffs. Conclusions: There is very little research done about the human milk composition in Latvia that could be referable to a general population. It is known that the exposure of breast milk to persistent organic pollutants in Latvia corresponds to the lowest levels detected in the European countries and is not a cause of health disorders. Taking into consideration the adverse effect trans fatty acids have on human’s health regardless of the age, consumption should be as low as possible. Latvia has become the latest European Union country to set the maximum amount of trans fats in foodstuffs, yet there is no information about trans fatty acids content in human milk among women in Latvia. This problem needs to be addressed and set in motion. Therefore, it would be a novel idea to study if the TFA content also declines in milk among Latvian women after the introduction of the new legislation.