Balancing Tradition and Modernity: Smallholder Farmer Perspectives on Fertilizer Adoption and Improved Crop Varieties in the Teso Sub-Region, Uganda
Background Smallholder farmers in Uganda's Teso Sub-Region are increasingly adopting fertilizers and improved crop varieties in response to declining soil fertility, climate variability, and the need to improve agricultural productivity. However, limited evidence exists on how farmers perceive and integrate these technologies into their farming systems. This study explored smallholder farmers' perspectives on fertilizer adoption and improved crop varieties within the context of resource constraints and changing agricultural conditions. Methods A qualitative exploratory study was conducted among 32 smallholder farmers in Katete, Nyero, Oriyo, and Apeduru sub-counties in the Teso Sub-Region of Uganda. Data were collected through focus group discussions using a semi-structured guide. Discussions explored experiences with fertilizer use, improved crop varieties, perceived benefits, and challenges associated with adoption. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and themes. Results Five key themes emerged from the analysis: (1) continued reliance on organic fertilizers as the foundation of soil fertility management; (2) strategic integration of inorganic fertilizers to enhance crop productivity; (3) increasing use of commercial productivity enhancers to improve crop growth and manage pests; (4) adoption of improved crop varieties through public and private extension networks; and (5) persistent barriers to agricultural innovation, including limited technical knowledge, high input costs, climate variability, pest infestations, and post-harvest losses. Participants reported that combining traditional farming practices with modern agricultural inputs contributed to improved crop performance and increased yields. However, the benefits of these technologies were frequently constrained by affordability challenges, inadequate training on input application, environmental risks, and market-related limitations. Conclusion The study concludes that sustainable agricultural transformation requires integrated support systems that combine access to inputs with farmer training, climate-smart extension services, post-harvest infrastructure, and stronger market linkages.